Victor Emmanuel (1820-1878) was King of Sardinia from 1849 until 1861, when he assumed the title of King of Italy. He was the first king of an independent united Italy since the 6th century. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was heir to King Victor Emmanuel II. The assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand (June 28, 1914) was the main catalyst for the start of the Great War (World War I).
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Charles Pearson (1793-1862) was a British lawyer and politician. A London City solicitor Pearson campaigned against corruption in jury selection, for penal reform, for the abolition of capital punishment, and for universal suffrage. Pearson promoted an underground railway that resulted in the Metropolitan Railway, the first underground railway in the world.
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Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz (1836-1921) was a German anatomist specializing in human anatomical structures. He summarized neuron theory and named the chromosome. Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring and Waldeyer’s glands are named after him.
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Émile Jean-Horace Vernet (1789-1863), known as Horace Vernet, was a French battles, portraits, and Orientalist subject painter. Born in the Paris Louvre while his parents were staying there during the French Revolution. Vernet disdained the seriousness of academic Classicism French art work. Instead he painted contemporary life subjects. During his early career, when Napoleon Bonaparte was in power, Vernet painted unidealized French soldier.
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Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788) London, England. He was one of the most important British portrait artists of the second half of the 18th century. His iconic portrait The Blue Boy is part of the permanent collection at the Huntington Library in San Marino, California.
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Joseph Gay-Lussac (1778-1850) was a French chemist and physicist. He pioneered investigations into the behavior of gases, established new techniques for analysis, and made notable advances in applied chemistry. The Gay-Lussac’s Law states that the pressure of a given mass of gas varies directly with the absolute temperature of the gas, when the volume is kept constant.
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Kaiser Frederick III (1831-1888) was German Emperor and King of Prussia during the Year of the Three Emperors 1888. He was known as “Fritz” and was the only son of Emperor Wilhelm I.
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Alexander Pope (1688-1744) was born in London. He was an English poet, translator, and satirist during the Enlightenment era. Pope is considered one of the most prominent English poets of the early 18th century. He was best known for his poems An Essay on Criticism, The Rape of the Lock and The Dunciad.
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English bad guys come in all flavors in the Victorian era
William Harrison Ainsworth (1805-1882) was an English historical novelist born. As a lawyer, the legal profession held no attraction for him. In 1820, Ainsworth began to publish his writing then later writing plays. Praising Ainsworth as a playwright it was said that he rivaled George Gordon Byron. During his time Ainsworth was contributed works to The European Magazine and other magazines.
His first success as a writer came with Rookwood in 1834, which features Dick Turpin as its leading character. Thirty-nine novels followed.
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Jack Sheppard was a real person and also a novel by William Harrison Ainsworth. John “Jack” Sheppard (1702 – 1724) or “Honest Jack” was a notorious English thief and prison escapee in the early 18th-century London. Jonathan Wild (1683-1725) was a criminal cop in London obsessed with Jack Sheppard. Wild’s hatred was the undoing of both men.
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Jonathan Wild (1683-1725) was a criminal cop in London. He was a man of justice by day, and leader of a criminal empire. He became obsessed with Jack Sheppard known as Honest Jack, a notorious English thief and prison escapee. The obsession was Wild’s downfall as did gang members beganing to turn evidence on him.
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Richard III (1452-1485) put his dead brother’s son on the throne, schemed to take the crown, and started a war. He imprisoned his two young nephews in the Tower of London. Still a lot more is in question thanks to his successor Henry VII erasing his predecessor from history.
The last king from the Plantagenet dynasty of England the defeat and death of Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 more or less ended the Wars of the Roses as well as the Middle Ages.
Henry VII became king after killing Richard III, founding the Tudor dynasty. A schemer himself, Henry promptly waged a publicity campaign painting Richard as a black hearted evil villain. The smear campaign had Richard’s portrait retouched making his eyes slits and the mouth a scowl.
The campaign played up a hunchback angle and erased evidence of where Richard’s body was buried.
The body was finally discovered in a Leicester parking lot 500 years after his death. The discovery was made by Phillipa Langley of the Richard III Society. Richard wasn’t a hunchback, but his spine looked like a question mark due to severe scolioses.
A hundred years after his death Shakespeare wrote his cautionary tale of a military genius who plots, schemes and murders his way to becoming king, then starts a war and dies in battle after a brief reign at 32.
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